UnboundMethod 類別

Ruby 支援兩種形式的物件化方法。 Class Method 用於表示與特定物件關聯的方法:這些方法物件會繫結到該物件。物件的繫結方法物件可以使用 Object#method 建立。

Ruby 也支援非繫結方法;這些方法物件與特定物件無關。這些方法物件可以透過呼叫 Module#instance_method 或在繫結方法物件上呼叫 unbind 建立。這兩種方法的結果都是 UnboundMethod 物件。

非繫結方法只能在繫結到物件後呼叫。該物件必須是方法原始類別的 kind_of?

class Square
  def area
    @side * @side
  end
  def initialize(side)
    @side = side
  end
end

area_un = Square.instance_method(:area)

s = Square.new(12)
area = area_un.bind(s)
area.call   #=> 144

非繫結方法是物件化時方法的參考:對基礎類別的後續變更不會影響非繫結方法。

class Test
  def test
    :original
  end
end
um = Test.instance_method(:test)
class Test
  def test
    :modified
  end
end
t = Test.new
t.test            #=> :modified
um.bind(t).call   #=> :original

公開實例方法

meth == other_meth → true 或 false 按一下以切換來源

如果兩個非繫結方法物件參照相同的 method 定義,則它們相等。

Array.instance_method(:each_slice) == Enumerable.instance_method(:each_slice)
#=> true

Array.instance_method(:sum) == Enumerable.instance_method(:sum)
#=> false, Array redefines the method for efficiency
#define unbound_method_eq method_eq
別名為: eql?
arity → 整數 按一下以切換來源

傳回方法所接受引數數量的指示。對於採用固定數量的引數的方法,傳回非負整數。對於採用變數個引數的 Ruby 方法,傳回 -n-1,其中 n 是必要引數的數量。關鍵字引數會視為單一額外引數,如果任何關鍵字引數是必要的,則該引數也是必要的。對於以 C 編寫的方法,如果呼叫採用變數個引數,則傳回 -1。

class C
  def one;    end
  def two(a); end
  def three(*a);  end
  def four(a, b); end
  def five(a, b, *c);    end
  def six(a, b, *c, &d); end
  def seven(a, b, x:0); end
  def eight(x:, y:); end
  def nine(x:, y:, **z); end
  def ten(*a, x:, y:); end
end
c = C.new
c.method(:one).arity     #=> 0
c.method(:two).arity     #=> 1
c.method(:three).arity   #=> -1
c.method(:four).arity    #=> 2
c.method(:five).arity    #=> -3
c.method(:six).arity     #=> -3
c.method(:seven).arity   #=> -3
c.method(:eight).arity   #=> 1
c.method(:nine).arity    #=> 1
c.method(:ten).arity     #=> -2

"cat".method(:size).arity      #=> 0
"cat".method(:replace).arity   #=> 1
"cat".method(:squeeze).arity   #=> -1
"cat".method(:count).arity     #=> -1
static VALUE
method_arity_m(VALUE method)
{
    int n = method_arity(method);
    return INT2FIX(n);
}
bind(obj) → method 按一下以切換來源

umeth 繫結到 obj。如果 umeth 是從 Klass 類別取得,則 obj.kind_of?(Klass) 必須為 true。

class A
  def test
    puts "In test, class = #{self.class}"
  end
end
class B < A
end
class C < B
end

um = B.instance_method(:test)
bm = um.bind(C.new)
bm.call
bm = um.bind(B.new)
bm.call
bm = um.bind(A.new)
bm.call

產生

In test, class = C
In test, class = B
prog.rb:16:in `bind': bind argument must be an instance of B (TypeError)
 from prog.rb:16
static VALUE
umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
{
    VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
    const struct METHOD *data;
    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    convert_umethod_to_method_components(data, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me, true);

    struct METHOD *bound;
    method = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cMethod, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, bound);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->recv, recv);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->klass, klass);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->iclass, iclass);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->owner, methclass);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, me);

    return method;
}
bind_call(recv, args, ...) → obj 按一下以切換來源

umeth 繫結至 recv,然後使用指定的引數呼叫方法。這在語意上等同於 umeth.bind(recv).call(args, ...)

static VALUE
umethod_bind_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    VALUE recv = argv[0];
    argc--;
    argv++;

    VALUE passed_procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();

    const struct METHOD *data;
    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);

    const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = rb_callable_method_entry(CLASS_OF(recv), data->me->called_id);
    if (data->me == (const rb_method_entry_t *)cme) {
        vm_passed_block_handler_set(ec, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
        return rb_vm_call_kw(ec, recv, cme->called_id, argc, argv, cme, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
    }
    else {
        VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
        const rb_method_entry_t *me;
        convert_umethod_to_method_components(data, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me, false);
        struct METHOD bound = { recv, klass, 0, methclass, me };

        return call_method_data(ec, &bound, argc, argv, passed_procval, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
    }
}
clone → new_method 按一下以切換來源

傳回此方法的複製項。

class A
  def foo
    return "bar"
  end
end

m = A.new.method(:foo)
m.call # => "bar"
n = m.clone.call # => "bar"
static VALUE
method_clone(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE clone;
    struct METHOD *orig, *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, orig);
    clone = TypedData_Make_Struct(CLASS_OF(self), struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    rb_obj_clone_setup(self, clone, Qnil);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->recv, orig->recv);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->klass, orig->klass);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->iclass, orig->iclass);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->owner, orig->owner);
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->me, rb_method_entry_clone(orig->me));
    return clone;
}
eql?(other_meth) → true 或 false

如果兩個非繫結方法物件參照相同的 method 定義,則它們相等。

Array.instance_method(:each_slice) == Enumerable.instance_method(:each_slice)
#=> true

Array.instance_method(:sum) == Enumerable.instance_method(:sum)
#=> false, Array redefines the method for efficiency
別名:==
hash → integer 按一下以切換來源

傳回對應於方法物件的雜湊值。

另請參閱 Object#hash

static VALUE
method_hash(VALUE method)
{
    struct METHOD *m;
    st_index_t hash;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, m);
    hash = rb_hash_start((st_index_t)m->recv);
    hash = rb_hash_method_entry(hash, m->me);
    hash = rb_hash_end(hash);

    return ST2FIX(hash);
}
inspect → string 按一下以切換來源

傳回底層方法的人類可讀描述。

"cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
(1..3).method(:map).inspect    #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"

在後一種情況下,方法描述包括原始方法的「擁有者」(Enumerable 模組,已納入 Range)。

inspect 也會在可能的情況下提供方法引數名稱(呼叫順序)和來源位置。

require 'net/http'
Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
#=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"

引數定義中的 ... 表示引數是選用的(具有一些預設值)。

對於在 C(語言核心和擴充功能)中定義的方法,無法擷取位置和引數名稱,且僅以 *(任何數量的引數)或 _(一些位置引數)的形式提供一般資訊。

"cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
"cat".method(:+).inspect       #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
static VALUE
method_inspect(VALUE method)
{
    struct METHOD *data;
    VALUE str;
    const char *sharp = "#";
    VALUE mklass;
    VALUE defined_class;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    str = rb_sprintf("#<% "PRIsVALUE": ", rb_obj_class(method));

    mklass = data->iclass;
    if (!mklass) mklass = data->klass;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS)) {
        /* TODO: I'm not sure why mklass is T_ICLASS.
         * UnboundMethod#bind() can set it as T_ICLASS at convert_umethod_to_method_components()
         * but not sure it is needed.
         */
        mklass = RBASIC_CLASS(mklass);
    }

    if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS) {
        defined_class = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner;
    }
    else {
        defined_class = method_entry_defined_class(data->me);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(defined_class, T_ICLASS)) {
        defined_class = RBASIC_CLASS(defined_class);
    }

    if (data->recv == Qundef) {
        // UnboundMethod
        rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(defined_class));
    }
    else if (FL_TEST(mklass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
        VALUE v = RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(mklass);

        if (UNDEF_P(data->recv)) {
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
        }
        else if (data->recv == v) {
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
            sharp = ".";
        }
        else {
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(data->recv));
            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
            sharp = ".";
        }
    }
    else {
        mklass = data->klass;
        if (FL_TEST(mklass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
            VALUE v = RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(mklass);
            if (!(RB_TYPE_P(v, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_MODULE))) {
                do {
                   mklass = RCLASS_SUPER(mklass);
                } while (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS));
            }
        }
        rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
        if (defined_class != mklass) {
            rb_str_catf(str, "(% "PRIsVALUE")", defined_class);
        }
    }
    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, sharp);
    rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(data->me->called_id));
    if (data->me->called_id != data->me->def->original_id) {
        rb_str_catf(str, "(%"PRIsVALUE")",
                    rb_id2str(data->me->def->original_id));
    }
    if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED) {
        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, " (not-implemented)");
    }

    // parameter information
    {
        VALUE params = rb_method_parameters(method);
        VALUE pair, name, kind;
        const VALUE req = ID2SYM(rb_intern("req"));
        const VALUE opt = ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt"));
        const VALUE keyreq = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyreq"));
        const VALUE key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));
        const VALUE rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest"));
        const VALUE keyrest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyrest"));
        const VALUE block = ID2SYM(rb_intern("block"));
        const VALUE nokey = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nokey"));
        int forwarding = 0;

        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");

        if (RARRAY_LEN(params) == 3 &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 0), 0) == rest &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 0), 1) == ID2SYM('*') &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 1), 0) == keyrest &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 1), 1) == ID2SYM(idPow) &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 2), 0) == block &&
            RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 2), 1) == ID2SYM('&')) {
            forwarding = 1;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
            pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
            kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
            name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
            // FIXME: in tests it turns out that kind, name = [:req] produces name to be false. Why?..
            if (NIL_P(name) || name == Qfalse) {
                // FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
                if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
                    name = rb_str_new2("_");
                }
                else if (kind == rest || kind == keyrest) {
                    name = rb_str_new2("");
                }
                else if (kind == block) {
                    name = rb_str_new2("block");
                }
                else if (kind == nokey) {
                    name = rb_str_new2("nil");
                }
            }

            if (kind == req) {
                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, name);
            }
            else if (kind == opt) {
                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE"=...", name);
            }
            else if (kind == keyreq) {
                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE":", name);
            }
            else if (kind == key) {
                rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE": ...", name);
            }
            else if (kind == rest) {
                if (name == ID2SYM('*')) {
                    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, forwarding ? "..." : "*");
                }
                else {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "*%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                }
            }
            else if (kind == keyrest) {
                if (name != ID2SYM(idPow)) {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "**%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                }
                else if (i > 0) {
                    rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
                }
                else {
                    rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "**");
                }
            }
            else if (kind == block) {
                if (name == ID2SYM('&')) {
                    if (forwarding) {
                        rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
                    }
                    else {
                        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
                    }
                }
                else {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "&%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                }
            }
            else if (kind == nokey) {
                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "**nil");
            }

            if (i < RARRAY_LEN(params) - 1) {
                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
            }
        }
        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
    }

    { // source location
        VALUE loc = rb_method_location(method);
        if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
            rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
                        RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
        }
    }

    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");

    return str;
}
別名:to_s
name → symbol 按一下以切換來源

傳回方法的名稱。

static VALUE
method_name(VALUE obj)
{
    struct METHOD *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    return ID2SYM(data->me->called_id);
}
original_name → symbol 按一下以切換來源

傳回方法的原始名稱。

class C
  def foo; end
  alias bar foo
end
C.instance_method(:bar).original_name # => :foo
static VALUE
method_original_name(VALUE obj)
{
    struct METHOD *data;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    return ID2SYM(data->me->def->original_id);
}
owner → class_or_module 按一下以切換來源

傳回定義此方法的類別或模組。換句話說,

meth.owner.instance_methods(false).include?(meth.name) # => true

只要方法未移除/未定義/未取代,就會成立(如果方法是私有的,則使用 private_instance_methods 取代 instance_methods)。

另請參閱 Method#receiver

(1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable
static VALUE
method_owner(VALUE obj)
{
    struct METHOD *data;
    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    return data->owner;
}
parameters → array 按一下以切換來源

傳回此方法的參數資訊。

def foo(bar); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar]]

def foo(bar, baz, bat, &blk); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:req, :bat], [:block, :blk]]

def foo(bar, *args); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:rest, :args]]

def foo(bar, baz, *args, &blk); end
method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:rest, :args], [:block, :blk]]
static VALUE
rb_method_parameters(VALUE method)
{
    return method_def_parameters(rb_method_def(method));
}
source_location → [String, Integer] 按一下以切換來源

傳回包含此方法的 Ruby 來源檔名和行號,或如果此方法未在 Ruby 中定義(即原生),則傳回 nil。

VALUE
rb_method_location(VALUE method)
{
    return method_def_location(rb_method_def(method));
}
super_method → method 按一下以切換來源

傳回超類別的 Method,當使用 super 時會呼叫該方法,或如果超類別上沒有方法,則傳回 nil。

static VALUE
method_super_method(VALUE method)
{
    const struct METHOD *data;
    VALUE super_class, iclass;
    ID mid;
    const rb_method_entry_t *me;

    TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
    iclass = data->iclass;
    if (!iclass) return Qnil;
    if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS && data->me->defined_class) {
        super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(rb_find_defined_class_by_owner(data->me->defined_class,
            data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner));
        mid = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->def->original_id;
    }
    else {
        super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass));
        mid = data->me->def->original_id;
    }
    if (!super_class) return Qnil;
    me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(super_class, mid, &iclass);
    if (!me) return Qnil;
    return mnew_internal(me, me->owner, iclass, data->recv, mid, rb_obj_class(method), FALSE, FALSE);
}
to_s → string

傳回底層方法的人類可讀描述。

"cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
(1..3).method(:map).inspect    #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"

在後一種情況下,方法描述包括原始方法的「擁有者」(Enumerable 模組,已納入 Range)。

inspect 也會在可能的情況下提供方法引數名稱(呼叫順序)和來源位置。

require 'net/http'
Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
#=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"

引數定義中的 ... 表示引數是選用的(具有一些預設值)。

對於在 C(語言核心和擴充功能)中定義的方法,無法擷取位置和引數名稱,且僅以 *(任何數量的引數)或 _(一些位置引數)的形式提供一般資訊。

"cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
"cat".method(:+).inspect       #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
別名:inspect